The Moderating Role of Perceived Efficacy of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on the Relation Between Perceived Risk and Perceived Mental Health / El rol moderador de la eficacia percibida de las medidas de prevención frente al COVID-19 en la relación entre la percepción de riesgo y la salud mental percibida

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha llevado a los países a adoptar severas y prolongadas medidas que —junto con el alto número de contagios y muertes y la continua información negativa— ha afectado la salud mental de las personas. Este estudio analiza el impacto de la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19 en España explorando el rol moderador de la eficacia percibida de las medidas de contención en la relación que establece la percepción del riesgo del COVID-19 con el estrés y la depresión. Un total de 478 adultos residentes en España (un 66.9% mujeres; Medad = 36.30, DT = 15.32) completaron un cuestionario con escalas concebidas para medir el riesgo percibido del COVID-19, la eficacia percibida de las medidas de protección, el estrés y la depresión entre el 16 de mayo y el 6 de junio de 2021. Los resultados confirmaron el rol moderador de la eficacia percibida, la cual actuó como un factor protector del estrés y la depresión al disminuir el impacto negativo que la percepción de riesgo del COVID-19 tiene en ambas variables relacionadas con el distrés mental. La percepción que tienen los individuos sobre la efectividad de las medidas de protección parece ser un factor protector relevante en relación con la salud mental durante una pandemia. Se subraya la relevancia de intervenciones psicológicas y de políticas gubernamentales que mejoren la comunicación positiva del riesgo y la información adecuada sobre la eficacia de las medidas de protección.(AU)

The pandemic situation caused by COVID-19 led countries to adopt harsh and prolonged (over time) measures that—along with the high number of infections and deaths and continuous negative information—have affected the mental health of individuals. In this study, the impact on mental health of the COVID-19 health crisis in Spain was explored through the perceived efficacy of pandemic containment measures as a moderator of the relationship that COVID-19 perceived risk establishes with stress and depression. A questionnaire composed of scales conceived to measure COVID-19 perceived risk, perceived efficacy of COVID-19 prevention measures, stress, and depression was completed by 478 adults living in Spain (66.9% females, Mage= 36.30, SD= 15.32) between May 16, 2021, and June 6, 2021. The results confirmed the moderating role of per-ceived efficacy. Perceived efficacy acted as a protective factor for stress and depression by decreasing the negative impact that perceived risk had on both variables related to mentaldistress. Also, the perception that par-ticipants had about the effectiveness of prevention measures appeared to be a relevant protective factor regarding mental health during the pandem-ic. This study highlights the relevance of psychological interventions and government policies that improve positive risk communication and pro-vide adequate information regarding the effectiveness of health-prevention measures.(AU)

Predicting physical activity and quality of life in coronary heart disease patients: An 18-month path analysis of motivational and emotional factors.

OBJECTIVE: Investigating factors that promote cardiovascular health outcomes is essential for secondary prevention. In a sample of coronary heart disease patients, we examined the direct and indirect effects of selected psychological factors on physical activity behavior and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over 18 months. METHOD: Patient-reported data were collected over three time points. Through structured equation modeling, a longitudinal path analysis was conducted to estimate the indirect effects of baseline HRQoL and cardiac self-efficacy on reported physical activity behavior and HRQoL (evaluated at 18 months) through the mediation of anxiety and depression symptoms, patients' reported intention to change the behavior, and emotions regulation strategies (evaluated at 9 months). RESULTS: A total of 410 patients were included. Significant indirect effects of baseline HRQoL (ß = .05, 95% CI [-0.001, 0.111]) and cardiac self-efficacy (ß = .105, 95% CI [0.06, 0.16]) on physical activity behavior were found, with anxiety symptoms and emotions regulation strategies as significant mediators. Additionally, the mediation of reported intention in the association between cardiac self-efficacy and physical activity levels was estimated. At the final follow-up, we also found a significant direct association between physical activity behavior and HRQoL (ß = .12, p < .01), which was indirectly impacted by baseline HRQoL (ß = .006, 95% CI [0.000, 0.017]) and cardiac self-efficacy (ß = .012, 95% CI [0.003, 0.027]). CONCLUSIONS: This study underlines the significance of addressing stress management, anxiety symptoms reduction, and cardiac self-efficacy enhancement when targeting better cardiovascular health outcomes. Identifying cardiovascular risk profiles based on these findings may benefit future clinical practice and further inform secondary prevention policy guidelines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Spanish validation of the cardiac self-efficacy scale: a gender invariant measure.

The aim is to validate the Spanish version of the Cardiac Self-Efficacy (S-CSE) Scale by examining its psychometric properties and to test the invariance for women and men. Two groups - 722 and 522- of patients completed the S-CSE Scale and other psychosocial measures during a medical revision several months after being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Construct validity was psychometrically evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a split of the first sample and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a second split of the same sample. Scale structure was confirmed using the second sample. Convergent, discriminant, and external validity were tested. Results revealed that the S-CSE Scale was represented by three dimensions (control symptoms, control illness, maintain functioning) obtaining excellent reliability indexes and it appeared to be invariant for women and men. The S-CSE scale is a useful tool for monitoring the general well-being of these patients to promote individualized interventions.

Mobile Health Requirements for the Occupational Health Assessment of Health Care Professionals: Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, awareness of the high level of stress among health care professionals has increased, and research in this area has intensified. Hospital staff members have historically been known to work in an environment involving high emotional demands, time pressure, and workload. Furthermore, the pandemic has increased the strain experienced by health care professionals owing to the high number of people they need to manage and, on many occasions, the limited available resources with which they must carry out their functions. These psychosocial risks are not always well dealt with by the organization or the professionals themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to have tools to assess these psychosocial risks and to optimize the management of this demand from health care professionals. Digital health, and more specifically, mobile health (mHealth), is presented as a health care modality that can contribute greatly to respond to these unmet needs. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze whether mHealth tools can provide value for the study and management of psychosocial risks in health care professionals, and assess the requirements of these tools. METHODS: A Delphi study was carried out to determine the opinions of experts on the relevance of using mHealth tools to evaluate physiological indicators and psychosocial factors in order to assess occupational health, and specifically, stress and burnout, in health care professionals. The study included 58 experts with knowledge and experience in occupational risk prevention, psychosocial work, and health-related technology, as well as health professionals from private and public sectors. RESULTS: Our data suggested that there is still controversy about the roles that organizations play in occupational risk prevention in general and psychosocial risks in particular. An adequate assessment of the stress levels and psychosocial factors can help improve employees' well-being. Moreover, making occupational health evaluations available to the team would positively affect employees by increasing their feelings of being taken into account by the organization. This assessment can be improved with mHealth tools that identify and quickly highlight the difficulties or problems that occur among staff and work teams. However, to achieve good adherence and participation in occupational health and safety evaluations, experts consider that it is essential to ensure the privacy of professionals and to develop feelings of being supported by their supervisors. CONCLUSIONS: For years, mHealth has been used mainly to propose intervention programs to improve occupational health. Our research highlights the usefulness of these tools for evaluating psychosocial risks in a preliminary and essential phase of approaches to improve the health and well-being of professionals in health care settings. The most urgent requirements these tools must meet are those aimed at protecting the confidentiality and privacy of measurements.

Positivity and Health Locus of Control: Key Variables to Intervene on Well-Being of Cardiovascular Disease Patients.

Psychological well-being is a good predictor of several health outcomes in cardiovascular disease patients (adherence, quality of life, and healthy behaviors). The perception of health control and a positive orientation seem to have a beneficial effect on health and well-being. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of the health locus of control and positivity in the psychological well-being and quality of life of cardiovascular patients. A total of 593 cardiac outpatients completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, the Positivity Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline (January 2017) and 9 m later (follow-up; n = 323). A Spearman rank correlation coefficient and a structural equation modeling approach were determined to explore the relationships between those variables both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. A cross-sectional correlation analysis at baseline revealed that the internal health locus of control and positivity were negatively associated with anxiety (rs = -0.15 and -0.44, ps < 0.01) and depression (rs = -0.22 and -0.55, ps < 0.01) and positively associated with health-related quality of life (rs = 0.16 and 0.46, ps < 0.01). Similar outcomes were found at follow-up and in longitudinal correlations. According to the path analysis, positivity was found to be negatively associated with anxiety and depression level at baseline (ß = -0.42 and -0.45, ps < 0.001). Longitudinally, positivity was negatively associated with depression (ß = 0.15, p < 0.01) and together with the internal health locus of control, was positively associated with health-related quality of life (ß = 0.16 and 0.10, respectively, ps < 0.05). These findings suggest that focusing on the health locus of control and especially positivity may be crucial in enhancing the psychological well-being of patients in the context of cardiac care. The potential impact of these results on future interventions is discussed.

Regulatory emotional self-efficacy and anxiety in times of pandemic: a gender perspective.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant lockdown and containment measures have instigated substantial changes in our daily lives and have affected many people's mental health. This paper reports two studies exploring gender-based differences with regard to the impact of COVID-related confinement on individuals' self-efficacy to regulate negative emotions (RESE-NE) and anxiety. Methods: Study 1 (cross-sectional; 269 participants; 52% women) explored the evolution of RESE-NE and anxiety. To this end, participants assessed their status at two time points: a retrospective assessment of the period before confinement in Spain, and a current assessment during confinement. Study 2 (longitudinal; 114 participants; 72.2% women) explored the evolution of the variables by adding a post-confinement time point and analyzed the mediating role of RESE-NE in the positivity-anxiety and resilience-anxiety relationships. Results: The results confirmed that: (a) RESE-NE decreased and anxiety increased more among women than among men during confinement (Study 1); (b) women recovered their pre-pandemic levels of mental health more slowly than did men following confinement; and (c) the mediating role of RESE-NE could be observed in the two relationships under analysis. Conclusion: In practical terms, the research highlights the need to pay special attention to women undergoing mental health interventions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to the differential burden that the pandemic may entail for men and women and to the contrasting social roles traditionally attributed to them. From the gender differences identified, it is possible to infer how stereotypes and social roles influence the behavior and mental health of men and women, leading them to cope differently with stressful situations such as confinement.

A planned behavior theory-based explanatory model of protective behavior against COVID-19, with an age perspective.

In this study, an explanatory model of protective behaviors against COVID-19 transmission based on the theory of planned behavior is tested using a sample of 904 individuals by adding two relevant variables in the COVID-19 context: skepticism and responsibility toward COVID-19 transmission. Responsibility and the intention to behave in a protective way act as mediators in predicting protective behaviors. The model is invariant between younger and older people, although some path differences were found: the perception that individuals have about the extent to which their reference group adopts protective behaviors directly influences individual protective behavior for younger but not older people, for whom subjective social norms were only indirect predictors of such behavior. Additionally, the rates in all the variables showed that the group under 35 took more risks in the context of protective behaviors against COVID-19: they exhibited more skepticism, lower behavioral control, perceived fewer positive social norms regarding protective behaviors, felt less responsible for spreading the disease, had less intention to behave in a protective way, and finally adopted fewer protective behaviors. Developers of intervention strategies and campaigns should contemplate such variables and focus on differences according to age.

Effectiveness of an eHealth intervention to improve subjective well-being and self-efficacy in cardiovascular disaease patients: A pilot non-randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent, eHealth-based self-efficacy intervention to promote subjective well-being and self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease, exploring sex differences. DESIGN: A pilot study of a two-arm non-randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Forty-two cardiovascular patients (31% women) participated in the study. The experimental group received a personalized psychoeducational session and a 14-days eHealth intervention. Subjective well-being (positive and negative affect) and self-efficacy (chronic and cardiac) were assessed at baseline, post-psychoeducational session, post-eHealth intervention and at two follow-ups. RESULTS: The levels of the experimental group in positive affect, at post-eHealth and follow-up 1, and self-efficacy, at post-eHealth, and both follow-ups, were statistically significantly higher compared to the control group (all ps < .05). When considering sex, the intervention was effective only for men. The results highlight the potential of eHealth interventions for cardiac patients and underline the importance of considering a gender perspective in their treatment.

Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Positive Strengthening mHealth Interventions for the Promotion of Subjective Emotional Wellbeing and Management of Self-Efficacy for Chronic Cardiac Diseases.

Intervention in health prevention and treatment via mobile phones is becoming a key element on health promotion. Testing the efficacy of these mobile health (mHealth) psychological interventions for cardiovascular health is necessary as it is a chronic pathology, and it can influence the affective and cognitive states of patients. This research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of two brief psychological interventions-mindfulness and positive strengthening-to promote subjective emotional wellbeing and disease management self-efficacy using mHealth. This was a three-arm intervention and feasibility study, with a pre-post design and three follow-up measures with 105 patients (93 completed all phases) with cardiovascular diseases. Group 1 and 2 received the mindfulness or strengthening intervention, and Group 3 was the control group. The positive-negative affect and management self-efficacy for chronic and cardiovascular diseases were analyzed over time, while anxiety and depression levels were assessed at the beginning of the study. The results showed that mindfulness and positive strengthening interventions both had a positive effect on participants' affective state and management self-efficacy for the disease in comparison with the control group over time, even after controlling for baseline anxiety and depression levels. Positive strengthening seems to be more effective for improving cardiac self-efficacy, while mindfulness practice was significantly more effective at reducing negative affect at the first face-to-face evaluation.

A Brief mHealth-Based Psychological Intervention in Emotion Regulation to Promote Positive Subjective Well-Being in Cardiovascular Disease Patients: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial.

The emotional impact that a cardiovascular disease may have on a person's life can affect the prognosis and comorbidity of the disease. Therefore, emotion regulation is most important for the management of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a brief mHealth psychological intervention in emotion regulation to promote positive subjective well-being in cardiovascular disease patients. The study sample (N = 69, 63.7 ± 11.5 years) was allocated to either the experimental group (n = 34) or control group (n = 35). The intervention consisted of a psychoeducational session in emotion regulation and an mHealth-based intervention for 2 weeks. Positive subjective well-being as a primary outcome and self-efficacy to manage the disease as a secondary outcome were assessed at five time points evaluated over a period of 6 weeks. The experimental group showed higher improvement in positive subjective well-being and self-efficacy for managing the disease compared to the control group over time. The experimental group also improved after the intervention on all outcome measures. Brief mHealth interventions in emotion regulation might be effective for improving positive subjective well-being and self-efficacy to manage the disease in cardiovascular patients.

Risk and protective factors of emotional exhaustion in teachers. A moderating mediation on emotional exhaustion / Los factores de riesgo y protectores del agotamiento emocional en el profesorado. Un modelo de mediación moderada del agotamiento emocional

Emotional exhaustion negatively influences teachers' professional development. The main aim of this study was to analyze how the perception of attention to diversity, emotional dissonance, and social support were related to emotional exhaustion. To carry out this study, 567 teachers (64.9% women, mean age = 44.80, SD = 0.48) answered a questionnaire. Emotional dissonance mediated the relationships that established with emotional exhaustion the perception of attention to diversity (a) derived from special educational needs and (b) derived from cultural diversity. These mediations were moderated by social support, by confirming the interaction effect between social support and (a) the perception of attention to cultural diversity and (b) emotional dissonance. Teachers' perceptions of having to attend to diversity and not being able to express the real emotions they feel to students are stressor factors that influence emotional exhaustion levels. Moreover, social support acts as a protective factor that diminishes the negative effects of perception of attention to diversity and emotional dissonance on emotional exhaustion. These results highlight the need to promote strong support networks in educational settings within the center's cloister, to stimulate a healthier educational environment that reverts to lower levels of emotional exhaustion among teachers.(AU)

El agotamiento emocional influye negativamente en el desarrollo profesional de los docentes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar cómo se relacionaban con el agotamiento emocional la percepción de atención a la diversidad, la disonancia emocional y el apoyo social. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, 567 docentes (64.9% mujeres; edad media = 44.80, DT = 0.48) respondieron a un cuestionario. La disonancia emocional medió las relaciones establecidas entre la percepción de la atención a la diversidad derivada (a) de las necesidades educativas especiales y (b) de la diversidad cultural y el agotamiento emocional. Esta mediación fue moderada por el apoyo social, al confirmarse el efecto de interacción entre el apoyo social y (a) la apreciación de atención a la diversidad cultural y (b) la disonancia emocional. La apreciación de los docentes de que tenían que atender a la diversidad y de que no podían expresar al alumnado sus emociones reales constituye un factor estresante que influye en el grado de agotamiento emocional. Además, el apoyo social actúa como factor protector que disminuye el efecto negativo que ejercen la percepción de la atención a la diversidad y la disonancia emocional en el agotamiento emocional. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de promover fuertes redes de apoyo en los escenarios educativos en el claustro del centro para favorecer un ambiente educativo más saludable que revierta en un menor agotamiento emocional en los docentes.(AU)

Spanish Validation of the Self-Perceived Food Literacy Scale: A Five-Factor Model Proposition.

Food literacy is a combination of functional, critical, and relational skills that pave the way for navigating the food system properly, taking personally and contextually available resources into account. The aim was to validate the Spanish version of the self-perceived food literacy scale in university students to explore the factorial structure of it and to correlate food literacy with other variables. The sample was composed of 362 Spanish university students (314 women). The full questionnaire was administered online and also assessed adherence to a Mediterranean diet, impulsivity, and health-related quality of life for convergent validity testing purposes. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of the food literacy scale. The Spanish version of the scale showed good indices of internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.894). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a five-factor model that had a better fit index than the seven-factor model of the original scale. External validity was assessed by showing significant correlations with the rest of the variables. Therefore, the Spanish version of the scale is a reliable and valid measure of food literacy. It could be used to promote policies at Spanish universities to improve the food-related behaviors of students.

Spontaneous Breathing Rate Variations Linked to Social Exclusion and Emotion Self-assessment.

The emotional reactions to social exclusion can be associated with physiological responses that could allow researchers to estimate the valence and intensity of the ongoing affective state. In this work, respiratory activity was analysed to verify whether breathing rate variations can be considered as predictive factors of subsequent positive and negative affect after inclusion and exclusion in young women. A standard Cyberball task was implemented and manipulated information was provided to the participants to create both conditions. The participants were socially excluded by limiting their participation to 6% of the total number of passes among three teammates and providing negative feedback about them. The results suggest that breathing rate can be a good option to infer subjective feelings during social interactions and a promising feature to incorporate into modern emotion monitoring systems as an alternative to other physiological measures. Furthermore, the interaction between metaemotion and physiology was studied by recording breathing rate while completing the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, evidencing a breathing rate increase during the emotion self-assessment only after exclusion.

Psychoeducational Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Type-1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review / Las intervenciones psicoeducativas en los menores y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1: una revisión sistemática

The effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes is unclear. A systematic review was developed in accordance with PRISMA. Relevant databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and PsyARTICLES) were analyzed. Articles of the last decade with type 1 diabetes population between 6 and 18 years participating in psychoeducational interventions were the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies were reviewed, and improvements were found in glycosylated hemoglobin, diabetes knowledge, and psychosocial variables. The results support the positive effect of these interventions. The characteristics that seem to be behind the success of these interventions are the design appropriate to the characteristics of the population, the participation of psychologist and educators, the continuity of the program over time, and the use of digital tools and interaction strategies. Further studies need to be carried out and replicated in different groups of children and adolescents.

Hay dudas acerca de la efectividad de las intervenciones psicoeducativas en menores y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1, motivo por el cual se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con el protocolo PRISMA. Se analizaron distintas bases de datos (Pubmed, Cochrane, PsycINFO y PsyARTICLES) con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: artículos de los últimos diez años, con población con diabetes tipo 1 de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 18 años que hubieran participado en cualquier intervención psicoeducativa. Se revisaron 20 estudios y los resultados mostraron una mejora en la hemoglobina glicosilada, en el conocimiento de la enfermedad y en algunas variables psicosociales tras estas intervenciones. Las características que parecen estar detrás del éxito de estas intervenciones psicoeducativas son el diseño adecuado a las características de la población, la participación de profesionales de la psicología y de la educación, la continuidad del programa en el tiempo y el uso de herramientas digitales y otras estrategias de interacción. Se destaca la necesidad de realizar más estudios y que sean replicados en diferentes grupos de menores y adolescentes.

Development and Validation of the COVID-19 Worries and Fears Scale.

Objectives: How individuals perceive the risk of COVID-19 influences their mental health and protective behaviors. Therefore, the development of an instrument to capture COVID-19-related worries and fears is relevant. This study aims to develop and validate the CoV-WoFe to measure COVID-19-related worries and fears. Methods: An online questionnaire was completed by 593 participants during Christmas 2020 and by 328 participants during Summer 2021, from which 88 participants formed a longitudinal sample. Results: Analyses confirmed a robust adjustment for consistency over time and a gender-invariant bifactorial structure. Factor 1 represented worry about the health consequences of COVID-19 and Factor 2 represented the perceived physiological symptoms associated with fear of COVID-19. Construct validity was evidenced by: the expected relations between the CoV-WoFe and other theoretically related constructs; the serial mediating role of both dimensions in the relationship that security values establish with protective behaviors against COVID-19 and with anxiety; and the expected gender differences in the Cov-WoFe. Conclusion: The CoV-WoFe represents a short, valid, reliable, gender-invariant tool that is easy to apply in both the health professional and research context to assessCOVID-19-related worries and fears, which are variables of relevance for spread of the virus and for mental health.

Differential impact of stay-at-home orders on mental health in adults who are homeschooling or "childless at home" in time of COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the confinement of most populations worldwide, through stay-at-home orders. Children have continued their education process at home, supervised by parents, who, in most cases, have adopted the role of prime drivers of their learning processes. In this study, the psychological impact of confinement was explored, as well as the relationship of the forced homeschooling situation with psychological well-being. During their confinement, 400 individuals residing in Spain-165 without children at home (Group 1), 104 parents who dedicated little time to homeschooling (Group 2), and 131 who dedicated more time to homeschooling (Group 3)-responded to an online questionnaire. The results show that confinement threatened the mental health of all the participants but especially Group 3 individuals, who had the highest loneliness, anxiety, and stress levels. Moreover, loneliness, perception of discomfort due to homeschooling, and anxiety exacerbated the stress experienced during confinement. Discomfort due to the homeschooling situation was especially relevant in explaining anxiety and stress for Group 3 individuals. These results suggest that forced homeschooling could be associated with the negative consequences that confinement has on individuals' mental health. Moreover, the results suggest that parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling feel more unprotected and more stressed due to the homeschooling in comparison to Group 2 individuals. Health professionals must pay special attention to parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling, and governments and schools must emphasize social support provision to families during homeschooling situations.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha impuesto el confinamiento de la mayoría de las poblaciones de todo el mundo mediante órdenes de quedarse en casa. Los niños han continuado su proceso de escolarización en sus hogares, supervisados por los padres, quienes, en la mayoría de los casos, han adoptado el papel de impulsores principales de sus procesos de aprendizaje. En este estudio se analizó el efecto psicológico del confinamiento, así como la relación de la situación forzada de enseñanza en el hogar con el bienestar psicológico. Durante su confinamiento, 400 personas residentes en España -165 sin niños en casa (grupo 1), 104 padres que dedicaron poco tiempo a la enseñanza en el hogar (grupo 2), y 131 que dedicaron más tiempo a la enseñanza en el hogar (grupo 3)- respondieron un cuestionario en línea. Los resultados demuestran que el confinamiento amenazó la salud mental de todos los participantes, pero especialmente la de las personas del grupo 3, quienes demostraron mayores niveles de soledad, ansiedad y estrés. Además, la soledad, la percepción de incomodidad a consecuencia de la enseñanza en el hogar, y la ansiedad agravaron el estrés sufrido durante el confinamiento. La incomodidad provocada por la situación de enseñanza en el hogar fue especialmente importante para explicar la ansiedad y el estrés de las personas del grupo 3. Estos resultados sugieren que la enseñanza forzada en el hogar podría estar asociada con las consecuencias negativas que tiene el confinamiento en la salud mental. Además, los resultados indican que los padres que dedican más tiempo a la enseñanza en el hogar se sienten más desprotegidos y más estresados debido a este tipo de enseñanza en comparación con las personas del grupo 2. Los profesionales de la salud deben prestar especial atención a los padres que dedican más tiempo a la enseñanza en el hogar, y los gobiernos y centros educativos deben brindar más apoyo social a las familias durante las situaciones de enseñanza en el hogar.

Construction and Validation of a Brief Pandemic Fatigue Scale in the Context of the Coronavirus-19 Public Health Crisis.

Objectives: The chronic restrictions to mitigate the new SARS-CoV-2 virus may result in pandemic fatigue. This study set out to develop a short, reliable, valid, and gender-invariant instrument-the Pandemic Fatigue Scale (PFS). Methods: In the first phase, 300 students responded to a pilot questionnaire that allowed the reduction and refinement of the items. In the second phase, the validity, reliability, and invariance of the scale were explored among a sample of 596 participants. Results: Factor exploratory and confirmatory analyses confirmed a robust adjustment for the bifactorial structure that explained 79,36% of the variance. The two factors identified were 1) people's demotivation in continuing to follow the recommended protective behaviors (neglect) and 2) people's boredom regarding the pandemic-related information (boredom). The pattern of relations between the Pandemic Fatigue Scale and other variables-find through correlation, mediation, and path analyses-and the gender differences-find in the ANOVA analyses-provided strong evidence of the construct validity. Moreover, the PFS was shown to be invariant regarding gender in a multigroup factor confirmatory analysis. Conclusion: The instrument can be of utility for professionals and researchers to assess pandemic fatigue, a variable that can affect the adoption of protective measure to avoid catching and spreading the virus.

Type D personality individuals: exploring the protective role of intrinsic job motivation in burnout / Trabajadores con personalidad tipo D: la exploración del rol protector de la motivación laboral intrínseca en el burnout

Three studies (Study 1, with 354 teaching and administrative staff at the University of Córdoba, Study 2 with 567 teachers, Study 3, longitudinal, with 111 teachers) analyzed the role adopted by self-regulatory variables in the relationship between type D personality (TDP) and burnout. Moderated mediation analyses in the three studies confirmed: (1) the mediating role of emotional dissonance in the relationships between TDP and burnout; (2) the mediating role of self-efficacy in the TDP-burnout link; and (3) the moderating role of intrinsic job motivation in confirmed mediations. The results highlighted that (1) high levels of emotional dissonance may act as a risk factor that is increased with high levels of TDP and (2) self-efficacy to cope with stress and intrinsic motivation act as protective factors, highlighting the protective role of intrinsic motivation because it buffers the negative effects of TDP on workers' burnout (AU)

En tres estudios diferentes (estudio 1 con 354 participantes, personal docente y administrativo de la Universidad de Córdoba, estudio 2 con 567 docentes y estudio 3, de carácter longitudinal, con 111 docentes) se analiza el papel que adoptan las variables autorreguladoras en la relación establecida entre la personalidad tipo D (PTD) y el burnout. Los análisis de mediación moderada confirmaron en los tres estudios: (1) el papel mediador de la disonancia emocional en las relación que establece la PTD con el burnout, (2) el papel mediador de la autoeficacia en la asociación PTD-burnout y (3) el papel moderador de la motivación laboral intrínseca en las mediaciones confirmadas. De los resultados se destaca que (1) un nivel elevado de disonancia emocional puede actuar como un factor de riesgo que aumenta con un nivel elevado de PTD y (2) la autoeficacia en el afrontamiento de situaciones de estrés y la motivación intrínseca actúan como factores protectores, destacando el rol protector de la motivación intrínseca, que amortigua los efectos negativos que ejerce el PTD en el burnout de los trabajadores (AU)

Positivity and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Explaining Health-Related Quality of Life in Cardiovascular Patients.

BACKGROUND: Psychological well-being and health-specific self-regulation have been associated with cardiovascular health. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship of positivity and health-specific self-regulatory variables to health-related quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A sample of 550 cardiac patients completed a number of instruments (positivity, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and cardiac self-efficacy scales, and the general health questionnaire SF-12) on two occasions 9 months apart, assessing their level of positivity, health-specific self-efficacy beliefs, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Mediational analyses demonstrated that health-specific self-efficacy beliefs mediate the relationship between positivity and health-related quality of life. In terms of self-efficacy in managing negative affect, the despondency-distress factor showed both direct and indirect effects on health, while the anger factor showed only an indirect effect. The results of the structural equation model demonstrated suitable indices of fit. CONCLUSIONS: Positivity may act as a disposition helps patients to use motivational strategies related to health, be more confident in their ability to regulate their emotions, and follow the recommendations of their cardiac medical team, enabling them to perceive a higher quality of life. These findings indicate the need to promote psychosocial interventions that include these variables.

Positive psychological profiles based on perceived health clustering in patients with cardiovascular disease: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: Psychological well-being and sociodemographic factors have been associated with cardiovascular health. Positive psychological well-being research is limited in the literature; as such, this study aimed to investigate how patients with cardiovascular disease could be classified according to their perceived mental and physical health, and to identify positive psychological profiles based on this classification and test their stability over time. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study with patients from a public hospital located in Córdoba (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: This study comprised 379 cardiovascular patients (87.3% men) tested at three measurement points. OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants reported their sociodemographic variables (age, sex, educational level, employment and socioeconomic status) at phase 1, while their perceived health and variables relating to positive psychological well-being were tested at this and two subsequent time points (average interval time: 9 months). RESULTS: The two-step cluster analysis classified participants into three groups according to their mental and physical health levels, p<0.001: high (n=76), moderate (n=113) and low (n=189) perceived health clusters. Low perceived health was the largest cluster, comprising almost half of patients. Clusters significantly differed according to sex, p=0.002, and socioeconomic level, p=0.004. The profile analysis indicated that participants in the high perceived health cluster showed high positive affect, positivity, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy in emotion regulation, and less negative affect and use of passive strategies over the three measurement points (95% CI, all ps<0.01). Moreover, psychological profile stability for each cluster was generally found over an 18-month period, all ps<0.05. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular patients may differ in terms of their perceived health and, accordingly, in terms of other relevant variables. Perceived health clusters generated varying and generally stable psychological profiles based on positive psychological well-being variables. Psychological interventions should be adapted to patients' requirements.